Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae), commonly known as Spanish Jasmine or "Chameli," is a prominent medicinal plant in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Siddha. While widely recognized for its dermatological and wound-healing properties, recent pharmacological investigations have highlighted its significant gastroprotective potential. This review critically evaluates the phytochemical profile and anti-ulcer activity of J. grandiflorum extracts. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of bioactive constituents including secoiridoid glycosides (oleuropein, ligstroside), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), tannins, and terpenoids. In vivo studies using models such as pylorus ligation, ethanol-induced, and aspirin-induced ulceration demonstrate that J. grandiflorum extracts significantly reduce the ulcer index, free acidity, and total acidity while enhancing mucin production and gastric pH. The mechanisms of action appear to be multifactorial, involving antioxidant defense modulation (SOD, CAT, GSH), inhibition of acid secretion, and cytoprotection via prostaglandin synthesis. This review synthesizes current evidence to support the therapeutic validation of J. grandiflorum in the management of peptic ulcers.