Current Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit significant performance disparities across languages, with English and high-resource languages receiving disproportionate model capacity and training data while speakers of African, Southeast Asian, and Indigenous languages face substantially degraded service quality. This research addresses the critical challenge of fairness in multilingual LLMs by surveying recent developments (2023–2026), analyzing underserved language groups, and proposing methodological approaches to close the language fairness gap. We identify three primary dimensions of unfairness: data scarcity in low-resource languages, suboptimal model architectures for multilingual transfer, and inadequate fairness evaluation metrics. Through analysis of existing benchmarks (XGLUE, Masakhane, FLORES-200, NLLB), we demonstrate that performance parity across language families requires integrated approaches combining data augmentation, architectural innovations, and culturally-informed fairness metrics. Our work introduces the Cross-Lingual Fairness Index (CLFI), a novel metric extending the PEER (Probability of Equal Expected Rank) framework to LLM generation tasks, enabling quantitative assessment of language equity. Case studies from initiatives including Masakhane, IndicNLP, and Google's No Language Left Behind (NLLB) demonstrate feasibility of targeted interventions. We conclude that achieving fairness in multilingual LLMs requires sustained investment in low-resource languages, participatory involvement of native speakers, and adoption of language-aware evaluation protocols throughout the model development lifecycle.

Index Terms—Algorithmic Bias, AI Localization, Cross-Lingual Transfer, Fairness Metrics, Language Equity, Language Fairness, Low-Resource Languages, Multilingual LLMs