The current air-defence systems are undergoing rapid development to meet the new challenges of modern air-borne threats—including UAVs, high-speed aircraft and hypersonic missiles. The defence systems used now are highly integrated as traditional defence methods are no longer adequate. These systems rely on several sensors such as radars, infrared cameras and electronic detectors, which accurately detect and track targets. Threats are predicted in real time with the help of advanced algorithms such as filtering and machine learning.

Long-range, medium-range, and short-range weapons are employed in a layered defense, which can intercept incoming threats. For good protection, both kinetic (missiles, guns) and non-kinetic (jamming, electronic warfare) methods are used. AI enhances decision-making, threat categorization, and control systems like PID, fuzzy logic, model predictive control weapon targeting and interception. Multiple defense units can operate efficiently over a vast area with network-based coordination.

In general, these systems are becoming more modular, intelligent, and cost effective, and future development of these systems will focus on the integration of AI and directed energy weapons, for greater and more adaptive air defense capabilities.

Keywords— Air Defence, Multi-target Tracking, Wireless control, Embedded System.