Shallow foundations are widely used to transfer structural loads safely to the ground while maintaining stability and controlling settlement. This study presents a comparative evaluation of different methods used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations, including analytical, experimental, and code-based approaches.

The research reviews common shallow foundation types and discusses factors affecting bearing capacity, such as soil properties, loading conditions, and foundation depth. Analytical methods, including Terzaghi’s and Meyerhof’s theories, are examined alongside experimental techniques such as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), and Plate Load Test (PLT). The study also investigates the design provisions of Eurocode 7, which incorporates safety factors and multiple design approaches to ensure reliable foundation performance.

A comparison of these methods shows that analytical approaches are simple and economical, experimental methods provide accurate field-based results, and Eurocode 7 offers a standardized and safe design framework. The findings emphasize that combining these approaches with proper site investigation leads to more efficient and reliable foundation designs.

Keywords: Shallow Foundations, Bearing Capacity, Terzaghi Theory, Meyerhof Theory, Eurocode 7, Foundation Design.