Energy independence has emerged as a strategic priority for India due to increasing energy demand, heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels, geopolitical uncertainties, and growing commitments toward climate change mitigation. While technological advancements in renewable energy have accelerated the transition towards a low-carbon economy, long-term energy independence depends fundamentally on effective public policy, institutional governance, industrial development, regulatory reforms, and financial innovation. This review critically examines India's policy framework for achieving energy independence through integrated governance rather than technology deployment alone. The study analyses major national policies, including the National Solar Mission, National Biofuel Policy, Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme, National Green Hydrogen Mission, Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME), Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs), Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT), and India's updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The review further evaluates policy gaps relating to regulatory fragmentation, domestic manufacturing, green finance, ESG governance, institutional coordination, and implementation challenges. Based on recent policy developments and international best practices, a multidimensional governance framework is proposed to strengthen India's journey towards energy independence by 2047. The study concludes that effective governance, supported by policy consistency, industrial self-reliance, digital transformation, and sustainability-oriented institutions, will be more decisive than technology alone in ensuring long-term national energy security.

Keywords: Energy policy, Energy independence, India, Governance, Green finance, Industrial policy, Renewable energy, ESG.