The rapid global expansion of electric vehicle (EV) adoption has intensified scrutiny of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) supply chain, exposing acute vulnerabilities related to critical mineral scarcity, geographically concentrated cobalt and lithium extraction, and end-of-life environmental burdens. This study examines the current landscape of post-lithium battery technologies, including sodium-ion, magnesium-ion, zinc-ion, aluminum-ion, solid-state lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, and metal-air chemistries, as candidate replacements or complements to conventional LIBs in eco-friendly EV applications. Each chemistry is evaluated against a common set of criteria: gravimetric and volumetric energy density, cycle life, cost and raw material abundance, safety characteristics, and recyclability. Comparative data, presented in tabular and graphical form, indicate that while no single post-lithium chemistry currently matches the overall performance envelope of state-of-the-art LIBs, several technologies offer compelling advantages in sustainability, cost, and safety that make them strong candidates for specific EV segments, including short-range urban vehicles, stationary-to-mobile hybrid platforms, and next-generation long-range vehicles once solid-state architectures mature. The study concludes that a diversified, multi-chemistry battery ecosystem, rather than a single successor to lithium-ion, is the most plausible pathway toward a sustainable electrified transportation sector, and it identifies key research priorities including electrolyte stability, cathode design, manufacturing scalability, and standardized life-cycle assessment methodologies.