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International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management

A Peer-Reviewed, Open-Access International Journal Supporting Multidisciplinary Research, Digital Publishing Standards, DOI Registration, and Academic Indexing.
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ISSN: 3108-1754 (Online)
Crossref DOI: Available
ISO Certification: 9001:2015
Publication Fee: 599/- INR
Compliance: UGC Journal Norms
License: CC BY 4.0
Peer Review: Double Blind
Volume 02, Issue 10

Published on: October 2026

BENCHMARKING SUPERVISED LEARNING, CONTEXTUAL TRANSFORMERS, AND EXPLAINABILITY LAYERS FOR ONLINE RECRUITMENT FRAUD DETECTION

Venkatesh Gajul Vaishnavi Nigde Sourik Porya

Prof. Sanjana Pawale

ASM's Institute of Business Management and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Article Status

Plagiarism Passed Peer Reviewed Open Access

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Abstract

Digital hiring platforms make applicant sourcing fast and scalable, but they also give bad actors an easy way to distribute fraudulent job postings. Detecting Online Recruitment Fraud (ORF) automatically remains difficult because scam texts mimic authentic corporate ads, and natural datasets suffer from severe class skew (scams make up less than 5% of postings in the wild). In this study, we survey recent detection techniques and benchmark several model families—from traditional shallow baselines and recurrent nets to bidirectional Transformers—against the 17,883-record Employment Scam Aegean Dataset (EMSCAD). We evaluate Word2Vec semantic projections, address minority-class starvation with SMOTE oversampling, and assess model interpretability via SHAP and LIME. Regularized XGBoost paired with SMOTE and dense Word2Vec features yielded 99.44% accuracy, a 0.99 F1-score, and an AUC of 0.9999. Pretrained Transformer encoders (RoBERTa and BERT) also performed strongly (98.81% and 98.67% accuracy, respectively) while better tolerating linguistic variations. Because deep neural nets and boosted tree ensembles do not provide transparent reasoning out of the box, we couple these models with local attribution plots to build an auditable inspection pipeline for real-world hiring platforms.

Keywords— Online Recruitment Fraud, Transformer Architectures, BERT, XGBoost, Explainable AI, SMOTE, EMSCAD, Hiring Security.

How to Cite this Paper

Gajul, V., Nigde, V. & Porya, S. (2026). Benchmarking Supervised Learning, Contextual Transformers, and Explainability Layers for Online Recruitment Fraud Detection. International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management, <i>02</i>(10), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i10.027

Gajul, Venkatesh, et al.. "Benchmarking Supervised Learning, Contextual Transformers, and Explainability Layers for Online Recruitment Fraud Detection." International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management, vol. 02, no. 10, 2026, pp. 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i10.027.

Gajul, Venkatesh,Vaishnavi Nigde, and Sourik Porya. "Benchmarking Supervised Learning, Contextual Transformers, and Explainability Layers for Online Recruitment Fraud Detection." International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management 02, no. 10 (2026): 1-9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i10.027.

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Ethical Compliance & Review Process

  • •All submissions are screened under plagiarism detection.
  • •Review follows editorial policy.
  • •Authors retain copyright.
  • •Peer Review Type: Double-Blind Peer Review
  • •Published on: Oct 07 2026
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