Criminal law and the criminal justice system are undergoing significant transformation due to rapid technological, social, economic and institutional changes. The traditional nature of crime has expanded with the emergence of cybercrime, digital fraud, artificial intelligence-related offences, organized crime and other technology-driven criminal activities. At the same time, criminal justice institutions continue to face serious challenges, including delays in investigation and trial, case pendency, prison overcrowding, inadequate forensic facilities, witness protection concerns and difficulties in ensuring effective access to justice. These challenges require a criminal justice system that is capable of responding to new forms of criminal behaviour while maintaining fairness, accountability and respect for individual rights. This paper examines the major contemporary challenges and emerging trends influencing criminal law and criminal justice, with particular reference to the growing use of technology, digital evidence, scientific investigation and victim-oriented approaches. It also considers recent developments in the administration of criminal justice and the increasing importance of efficient investigation, speedy trials and institutional reforms. The study highlights the need to strengthen legal mechanisms, improve technological and forensic capacity, enhance professional training and develop more effective methods of crime prevention and justice delivery. It concludes that the future of criminal justice depends on balancing innovation with legal safeguards and ensuring that reforms remain responsive to changing social realities.