Water quality monitoring is essential for safeguarding public health, environmental sustainability, and efficient water resource management. Conventional laboratory-based methods, although accurate, are costly, time-consuming, and unable to capture real-time variations in water quality. This study presents the design and prototyping of a low-cost, automated water quality analysis and reporting system capable of continuous monitoring in both rural and urban environments.

The system integrates multiple sensors for measuring pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature using an ESP32 microcontroller. Advanced features such as calibration tracking, quality assurance flags, temperature compensation, and real-time data transmission via IoT platforms are incorporated to enhance reliability. The system supports local visualization through an LCD display and remote monitoring using the ThingSpeak cloud platform.

Experimental validation demonstrates acceptable accuracy with pH error within ±0.05, turbidity error within ±3%, and EC accuracy within ±1%. The system effectively detects real-time variations and provides alerts for unsafe conditions. The proposed solution is cost-effective, portable, and energy-efficient, making it suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments. This work highlights the potential of integrating embedded systems and IoT technologies for scalable and reliable water quality monitoring.