MAKKAH Defence Pact and Its Strategic Implications

Sinha, Aparna

doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i9.233

Volume 02, Issue 9

Published on: September 2026

MAKKAH DEFENCE PACT AND ITS STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

Aparna Sinha

Ph.D. Research Scholar (Political Science)
Seacom Skills University

DOI:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i9.233

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Abstract

The recent Makkah Joint Defence Agreement signed between Saudi Arabia, Turkiye and Pakistan has emerged as important development in regional geopolitics of middle-east. It becomes all the more critical given incessant conflicts between Iran and Israel/US and Russia and Ukraine are going on, affecting global economic and strategic stability. It is pertinent to understand and analyse why the pact came into vogue, factors that brought three Islamic nations out of which two, Saudi Arabia and Turkiye who seemed antagonistic to each other. How these actors could play their perceived role in the pact and how and why that could affect other major powers, including India.

Keywords: Makkah Joint Defence Agreement, Houthis, Financial Action Task Force, Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Indus Water Treaty, NATO.

How to Cite this Paper

Sinha, A. (2026). MAKKAH Defence Pact and Its Strategic Implications. International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management, <i>02</i>(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i9.233

Sinha, Aparna. "MAKKAH Defence Pact and Its Strategic Implications." International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management, vol. 02, no. 9, 2026, pp. 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i9.233.

Sinha, Aparna. "MAKKAH Defence Pact and Its Strategic Implications." International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management 02, no. 9 (2026): 1-9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijcope.v2i9.233.

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Finally, to make it more active and important, there needs to be clarity on the so-called collective defiance (NATO Article 5) mechanism, if any. Though there has been talk of this mechanism being part of Mecca Pact, the circumstances, manner, financial, military obligations and way of participation of member countries, in case of attack on one, is yet to be clearly spelt out, at least in public. Then, there is tacit defense being used by some circles in Islamabad that the option is to be exercised when a state attacks a member country and not when non-state actors like Houthis are in action. This lack of clarity is creating doubts for countries like Bangladesh who are keen on being part of a (Islamic) security umbrella but confused how to present the case to neighbor like India (that certainly will not take the development as normal). Egypt one of the Islamic block’s powerhouses, too, seems reluctant to join the block for this reason. It looks like that the Mecca Pact should have been brought in with greater geopolitical thoughts, taking into considerations of response of major powers like US, Russia, China, India, Iran, Israel, Europe along with likely regional and global order in near future.

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•Published on: Sep 29 2026

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