The increasing global demand for reliable, low-carbon, and sustainable energy has intensified the search for alternative energy sources capable of addressing climate change, ensuring energy security, and supporting economic development. Nuclear energy has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives because of its ability to generate large quantities of electricity with minimal greenhouse gas emissions throughout its operational life. Unlike conventional fossil fuel-based power generation, nuclear energy provides continuous baseload electricity while significantly reducing carbon dioxide emissions, thereby contributing to global decarbonization efforts and long-term sustainability. This review examines the role of nuclear energy in achieving environmental, economic, and social sustainability by discussing recent technological developments, reactor advancements, industrial applications, policy initiatives, and future opportunities. The paper further evaluates the challenges associated with nuclear energy, including radioactive waste management, nuclear safety, public acceptance, water resource utilization, and economic competitiveness. The findings suggest that advanced reactor technologies, digital transformation, artificial intelligence, and improved environmental governance can significantly enhance the sustainability and public acceptance of nuclear energy. The study concludes that nuclear energy will remain an essential component of future low-carbon energy systems while complementing renewable energy sources in achieving global carbon neutrality and sustainable development.

Keywords: Nuclear energy, Sustainability, Carbon neutrality, Energy security, Small modular reactors, Net-zero emissions, Sustainable development.