Traditional medicine has remained a fundamental part of primary healthcare across many cultures for centuries. With increasing global interest in natural remedies and plant-based therapeutics, rigorous scientific evaluation of medicinal plants is essential. Pharmacognosy — the study of medicinal drugs derived from natural sources — and phytochemical screening are pivotal in validating traditional uses, ensuring quality, safety, and efficacy, and promoting drug discovery. This study critically evaluates the pharmacognostic characteristics and phytochemical profiles of five selected medicinal plants widely used in traditional medicine: Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree). Morphological and anatomical parameters were documented alongside qualitative and quantitative analyses of bioactive constituents. The findings reaffirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, saponins, and phenolic compounds — supporting their ethnomedicinal uses. Integrating traditional wisdom with modern techniques underscores the potential for new therapeutic agents and strengthens the foundation for pharmacological research. These results highlight the significance of detailed pharmacognostic evaluation in distinguishing authentic plant materials from adulterants. Furthermore, the quantitative phytochemical data provide a basis for standardizing herbal formulations to ensure consistent therapeutic effects. Future research should focus on isolating specific bioactive compounds and assessing their pharmacological activities through in vitro and in vivo studies.