Transportation is a central component of supply-chain operations because products must be moved from production facilities to locations where they are required. When an organization has several factories and several destinations, management must decide how much product should be shipped along each possible route. If this decision is made without a systematic method, the firm may use an unnecessarily expensive allocation even when lower-cost alternatives exist.

Operations Research addresses this type of problem by representing the distribution network as a mathematical optimization model. In a transportation model, each source has an available supply, each destination has a required demand, and every possible source-destination combination has an associated unit transportation cost. The objective is normally to determine the shipment quantities that satisfy all requirements at minimum total cost.

It also requires an analytical treatment of the real-life context, problem formulation, objective function, constraints, assumptions, solution methodology, results, and critical analysis. The present report adopts the quantitative option and therefore concentrates on one research paper and a complete numerical application rather than a multi-paper literature review.

The selected application uses Amul/GCMMF as the real-world organizational context. Amul’s published distribution material shows an extensive national network, including the study’s chosen destinations such as Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat, Indore, Jaipur, Nashik and Nagpur. The source locations selected for the model are also consistent with Amul’s published dairy-plant information.